Topic Pages

Scarcity, trade-offs, opportunity cost, and economic growth — illustrated through the PPF curve with interactive diagrams and narration.

How prices are determined, why markets clear, and how buyers and sellers are coordinated through the price mechanism — with animated diagrams and narration.

Opportunity cost, specialisation, and the gains from trade — with interactive production possibility diagrams and worked examples.

Expansions, recessions, peaks, and troughs — with an animated business cycle diagram, cyclical indicators, causes of cycles, and the output gap as a policy diagnostic.

How total planned spending (C + I + G + NX) determines equilibrium output — covering the consumption function, the Keynesian cross, output gaps, and the spending multiplier with animated diagrams.

Measuring unemployment, the three types (frictional, structural, cyclical), the natural rate of unemployment, Okun's Law, and the demand-side and supply-side policies used to address each type.

The functions of money, fractional reserve banking, the money multiplier, the Bank of Canada's role, and the money market — with animated deposit cascade and money supply diagrams.

The CPI, three causes of inflation (demand-pull, cost-push, built-in), purchasing power erosion, winners and losers, and the Bank of Canada's 2% inflation target with animated AD-AS diagrams.

The sources of long-run growth — labour, physical capital, human capital, and technology — with the Rule of 70, the production function, and the role of institutions and Total Factor Productivity.

How central banks use interest rates to manage inflation and growth — covering the policy rate, expansionary vs. contractionary policy, the transmission mechanism, and Canada's 2% inflation target.

Government spending and taxation as macroeconomic tools — covering the spending multiplier, expansionary vs. contractionary policy, automatic stabilisers, and the budget deficit and national debt.

Multiple-choice, true/false, and short-answer questions covering all ECON 101 topics — filterable by chapter and difficulty.

Macroeconomics practice questions in Pashto for students who prefer to review key concepts in their first language.